tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58856948893783613612024-03-19T00:54:44.588-07:00US History BlogHistory Blog for www.U-S-History.comJoseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.comBlogger209125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-28393453824532404452021-01-20T11:30:00.001-08:002021-01-20T11:30:19.062-08:002021 Inaugural Poem by Amanda Gorman. Joseph Biden / Kamala Harris Inauguration Ceremony at US Capitol Inaugural Poem text.<p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">2021 US Presidential Inauguration of Joe Biden<br />Inaugural Poem by Amanda Gorman<br />"The Hill We Climb"<br /></span></b>1/20/2021<br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #121212; font-family: GuardianTextEgyptian, "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.0625rem; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures;"><br /><br />Mr President, Dr Biden, Madam Vice-President, Mr Emhoff,</span></p><p class="css-38z03z" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; font-family: GuardianTextEgyptian, "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.0625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Americans and the world,</p><p id="sign-in-gate" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><p class="css-38z03z" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; font-family: GuardianTextEgyptian, "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.0625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">When day comes we ask ourselves where can we find light in this never-ending shade? The loss we carry asea we must wade. We’ve braved the belly of the beast. We’ve learned that quiet isn’t always peace. In the norms and notions of what just is isn’t always justice. And yet, the dawn is ours before we knew it. Somehow we do it. Somehow we’ve weathered and witnessed a nation that isn’t broken, but simply unfinished. We, the successors of a country and a time where a skinny Black girl descended from slaves and raised by a single mother can dream of becoming president only to find herself reciting for one.</p><div id="rich-link-3" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-16cuuq6" data-component="rich-link" data-link-name="rich-link-0 | 0" data-name="" data-print-layout="hide" style="background-color: #c70000; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-wz7t6r" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px 20px 5px -240px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 220px;"><a class="css-ytumd6" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/jan/20/joe-biden-inauguration-donald-trump-impeachment-kamala-harris-washington-covid-coronavirus-live-updates" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-ghyc83" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(199, 0, 0); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div class="css-upffb1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 5px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-m4qltb" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-1gqsble" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GH Guardian Headline", "Guardian Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.25rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">'This is our historic moment of crisis and challenge': Joe Biden calls for unity in first speech as president – live</div></div><div class="css-9g571g" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #c70000; fill: rgb(199, 0, 0); font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><svg height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24"><g fill-rule="evenodd"><path class="rich-link__arrow-icon" d="m12 0c-6.627 0-12 5.373-12 12 0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12 6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12 0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12m.21 19l-.637-.668 4.888-6.326h-11.465v-1.01h11.465l-4.888-6.333.637-.668 6.79 7.158v.685l-6.79 7.157"></path></g></svg><div class="css-dobi02" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: "GH Guardian Headline", "Guardian Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.0625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 30px; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: top;">Read more</div></div></div></a></div></div></div><p class="css-38z03z" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; font-family: GuardianTextEgyptian, "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.0625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">And yes, we are far from polished, far from pristine, but that doesn’t mean we are striving to form a union that is perfect. We are striving to forge our union with purpose. To compose a country committed to all cultures, colors, characters, and conditions of man. And so we lift our gazes not to what stands between us, but what stands before us. We close the divide because we know to put our future first, we must first put our differences aside. We lay down our arms so we can reach out our arms to one another. We seek harm to none and harmony for all. Let the globe, if nothing else, say this is true. That even as we grieved, we grew. That even as we hurt, we hoped. That even as we tired, we tried that will forever be tied together victorious. Not because we will never again know defeat, but because we will never again sow division.</p><div aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--inline1" data-desktop="1,1|2,2|300,250|300,274|620,1|620,350|550,310|fluid" data-link-name="ad slot inline1" data-mobile="1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|fluid" data-name="inline1" data-phablet="1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|620,350|550,310|fluid" id="dfp-ad--inline1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; float: right; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 4px 0px 0px 20px; min-height: 274px; min-width: 160px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"></div><p class="css-38z03z" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; font-family: GuardianTextEgyptian, "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.0625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Scripture tells us to envision that everyone shall sit under their own vine and fig tree and no one shall make them afraid. If we’re to live up to her own time, then victory won’t lie in the blade, but in all the bridges we’ve made. That is the promise to glade, the hill we climb if only we dare. It’s because being American is more than a pride we inherit. It’s the past we step into and how we repair it. We’ve seen a forest that would shatter our nation rather than share it. Would destroy our country if it meant delaying democracy. This effort very nearly succeeded.</p><p class="css-38z03z" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; font-family: GuardianTextEgyptian, "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.0625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">But while democracy can be periodically delayed, it can never be permanently defeated. In this truth, in this faith we trust for while we have our eyes on the future, history has its eyes on us. This is the era of just redemption. We feared it at its inception. We did not feel prepared to be the heirs of such a terrifying hour, but within it, we found the power to author a new chapter, to offer hope and laughter to ourselves so while once we asked, how could we possibly prevail over catastrophe? Now we assert, how could catastrophe possibly prevail over us?</p><p class="css-38z03z" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; font-family: GuardianTextEgyptian, "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.0625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">We will not march back to what was, but move to what shall be a country that is bruised, but whole, benevolent, but bold, fierce, and free. We will not be turned around or interrupted by intimidation because we know our inaction and inertia will be the inheritance of the next generation. Our blunders become their burdens. But one thing is certain, if we merge mercy with might and might with right, then love becomes our legacy and change our children’s birthright.</p><p class="css-38z03z" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; font-family: GuardianTextEgyptian, "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.0625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">So let us leave behind a country better than one we were left with. Every breath from my bronze-pounded chest we will raise this wounded world into a wondrous one. We will rise from the gold-limbed hills of the West. We will rise from the wind-swept north-east where our forefathers first realized revolution. We will rise from the Lake Rim cities of the midwestern states. We will rise from the sun-baked south. We will rebuild, reconcile and recover in every known nook of our nation, in every corner called our country our people diverse and beautiful will emerge battered and beautiful.</p><p class="css-38z03z" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; font-family: GuardianTextEgyptian, "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.0625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">When day comes, we step out of the shade aflame and unafraid. The new dawn blooms as we free it. For there is always light. If only we’re brave enough to see it. If only we’re brave enough to be it.</p><p class="css-38z03z" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #121212; font-family: GuardianTextEgyptian, "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.0625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">~ Amanda Gorman</p>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com677tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-921416787454951372020-05-25T12:22:00.002-07:002020-05-25T12:22:38.841-07:00Breaking the Bread: A Brief History of SourdoughAcross cultures, we all know bread is a staple. Some sort of starchy, spongey food exists in most cuisines to dip, hold, absorb, bolster or compliment a meal. Save for latin and cuisine in which the primary grain is corn, most bread-like foods include some sort of yeast, and that development has involved both ancient and recent techniques. Bread is one of the biggest commercially produced products with brands and types earning an entire aisle or two in a typical grocery store; however, bread can be made from home, and it has been for years. <div>
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Today, I fed my three-day old yeast starter half a cup of flour and half a cup of water. I had googled a recipe, found a few on a blog and started making my yeast with flour and spring water like most instructions denoted. Today, I realized I didn't really understand what I was doing scientifically, and I thought it would be a great opportunity to explore what other people must have discovered while learning to make bread throughout history. So today, I took a quick look at the process of bread making. </div>
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So the type of bread which hopefully I will see in the next few days if my yeast starter works is sourdough. I like sourdough bread, but some people don't. And there is a process for everyone. Now, how someone came to leave a bowl of flour and water out on the table until it was smelly and bubbling and then made a loaf of bread with that baffles me. But this process creates the "leavening agent" for much of the bread produced in the western world. And the process is also closely related to the fermentation of beer. </div>
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So basically, I am fermenting a bunch of ground up wheat in flour on top of my fridge. I'm not the first to create a Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis (which was named for its discovery in San Francisco) sourdough starter, although maybe the first person didn't have a refrigerator. This strain of sourdough bacteria has been around for thousands of years, dating back to the middle ages in Europe. However it didn't earn true glory until San Francisco adopted "Sourdough Sam" as their mascot for the 49ers. During the Klondike gold rush, sourdough recipes were brought to Alaska and the Canadian border. </div>
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Today, the same strain produces over 3 million tons of sourdough bread yearly. And the historic bacteria is making a shorter and lighter history on top of my refrigerator as I write. </div>
Juliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08796410995592120907noreply@blogger.com399tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-9119148099124493072020-05-05T14:23:00.001-07:002020-05-05T14:23:26.809-07:00Oregon History and Westward Migration - The Beginnings <a href="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1563352210-7f31e92992e9?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="green grass field during daytime" border="0" height="266" src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1563352210-7f31e92992e9?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" width="400" /></a>When I tell people I am from Oregon, there is an assumption that comes along with it. Oregon is the wild west, where even still, you will seldom find a resident who isn't connected somehow to the land, adventuring and camping in the great outdoors, and living a sort of home-spun life. All of these attributes, one could argue, are tied up in the rich history of pioneers who trekked the 2,170 mile trail from eastern settlements to make a new life in the west. The westward expansion of the united states was catalyzed by several movements such as the need for caretakers of Oregon and Californian land, a desire to acquire and trade resources such as fur and spread ideas and religion into the largely unsettled western parts of the U.S.<br />
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<a href="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1568512064320-23d6ff5e31d5?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="seal in body of water" border="0" height="208" src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1568512064320-23d6ff5e31d5?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" width="400" /></a>The first group of people to take the year long journey west to Oregon were fur trappers. Their aim was simple and relied on the resource of our furry Oregon friends' ancestors such as beavers and foxes. They sold these furs as a commodity and made a living doing so in the early years of the <a href="https://u-s-history.com/pages/h189.html" target="_blank">Oregon Trail</a>. The California Gold Rush was also a great pull in the migration westward.<br />
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The fur trappers were followed by missionaries who would be crucial deliverers of information to pioneers taking the journey later by a combination of horse-drawn covered wagons and by foot. Among the most noteworthy missionaries were <a href="https://u-s-history.com/pages/h317.html" target="_blank">Marcus and Narcissa Whitman</a> who landed eventually in Walla Walla Valley Washington (now home to the selective accredited liberal arts institution, Whitman College).<br />
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So, the Oregon trail brought a disparate group of folks from many different places (often beginning their collective route in Missouri) to the 'Oregon Territory' established by the <a href="https://u-s-history.com/pages/h1029.html" target="_blank">Oregon and Washington Treaties</a> in the 1800s. From this time on, in Oregon, many settled in <a href="https://u-s-history.com/pages/h2190.html" target="_blank">Salem</a> which is now our capital. Salem was founded in 1842 after Jason Lee rediscovered this territory which was formerly known as the Calapooya Indian village.<br />
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<br />Juliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08796410995592120907noreply@blogger.com270tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-30753309605145381562020-05-04T14:35:00.000-07:002020-05-05T16:34:38.643-07:00History of Cancelled EventsWith Covid-19 ravishing the event calendar to a degree unprecedented all over the world, I paused to consider - has there ever been a time like this before? The short answer is, no. There has never been a time as detrimental to the flow of events in the United States as the 2019 pandemic we are currently facing. Although, we have taken significant changes in course when it comes to terrorism, and natural disaster. How did we see the light at the end of the tunnel, then? Here is the rundown on some of the most significant events cancelled historically in the U.S.A.<br />
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If we know one thing about Americans, it is that a large number of us love sports. Whether or not you fit into that category, perhaps these <a href="https://www.nicholashillgroup.com/news/2017/4/7/top-5-big-events-cancelled-throughout-history" target="_blank">events</a> will ring a bell:<br />
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<b>The New York City Marathon</b> has been held annually since 1997. Even the tourist attacks of <a href="https://www.google.com/url?client=internal-element-cse&cx=002033744443348646021:jwng1otxkgw&q=https://u-s-history.com/pages/h2062.html&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwiZ7tzElJvpAhVJPn0KHbvAB_kQFjAEegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw3eUyLfd4YQeyO60_O9bqt9" target="_blank">September 11th, 2001</a> did not offset the popular race. It has been a force of community and uniting people in the big apple, but that changed for a brief moment in 2012 amidst the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. It was a moment of contention for city officials and runners alike, most of which had arrived from all over the country to partake in the race already. In the end, the point that city funds should be allocated for disaster relief must take precedent over hosting the race, and the <a href="https://www.google.com/url?client=internal-element-cse&cx=002033744443348646021:jwng1otxkgw&q=https://u-s-history.com/pages/h2122.html&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwiUn_jbjZvpAhVMrZ4KHfFjCHEQFjAAegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw2i4hZ_veTleszd2-3YdEzl" target="_blank">New York City</a> Marathon, for one year, dissolved. It is, of course, back up and running today.<br />
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<img alt="group of people running on street" height="266" src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1509941654768-e0a6884be9b2?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" width="400" /><br />
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The next year, in 2013, yet another marathon faced a less difficult decision, but perhaps more significant need to cancel its race. That year, <b>The Boston Marathon</b> was subject to a disheartening terrorist attack. Two brothers placed bombs close to the finish line of the race. Three runners were killed, and 260 people were injured in the incident. Of course, the race came to an immediate halt for the runners still participating and nearing the finish line.<br />
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<img alt="USA flag on street during daytime" height="640" src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1531874668635-85a25b7279a2?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" width="425" /><br />
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Weather and terrorism have caused the largest number of cancelled events in the history of the United States. The pandemic scenario is new, and we are forced to grapple with it. <a href="https://time.com/5808216/olympics-canceled-history/" target="_blank">Tokyo's Olympic Games</a> will be postponed, but the fate of many other events is unknown as the world waits. Fortunately, waiting at home in our Pyjamas while our essential workers fight on the front lines, keeps us safe from harm, even if it means we don't have as many sports to watch.<br />
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<img alt="people walking on road near well-lit buildings" height="259" src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540959733332-eab4deabeeaf?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" width="400" /><br />
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<br />Juliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08796410995592120907noreply@blogger.com229tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-16607994319613423022020-04-27T17:17:00.000-07:002020-04-30T13:05:01.389-07:00Florida History: Cuban Missile CrisisDuring World War Two, the Soviet Union and the United States fought alongside one another to defeat the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" target="_blank">Axis Powers</a>. However, the cultural and political differences between the two countries escalated after the war. The United States had always been wary of Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union's communist culture. Likewise, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" target="_blank">USSR</a> grew frustrated at the United States' neglect toward their incorporation within the international community of leaders, as well as their delayed entry into the war which caused the death of thousands of Russians.<br />
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After World War Two, the brewing conflict between the two countries came to a peak in what we now regard as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" target="_blank">Cold War</a>. Contrary to World War Two, The Cold War wasn't fought by men on battlefields and in trenches. It was built by a network of threats largely created by the emersion of nuclear technology. Florida comes into play due to its proximity to Cuba, where the soviet union was harboring weapons. Cuba and soviet Russia have a complex relationship which was prompted by Fidel Castro's introduction of socialist ideals in Cuba, and followed by Soviet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" target="_blank">Nikkita Kruschev</a>'s "arms race" with the U.S. to develop and test an <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/atomic-bomb" target="_blank">atomic bomb</a>.<br />
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<img alt="person standing beside of pink convertible car" height="640" src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1530779189757-4a7734852dfd?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" width="425" /><br />
(photo of Cuba)<br />
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The conflict was further escalated when spy photographer Richard Heyser captured an image of a Soviet SS-4 medium-range ballistic missile being constructed in Cuba. The soviets saw the introduction of this missile in Cuba as a way to level the playing field between the two countries, and U.S. contention with Cuba was also at play after the failed <a href="https://u-s-history.com/pages/h1765.html" target="_blank">Bay of Pigs invasion</a> in 1961.<br />
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Fortunately, contentions were relieved after the Cold War. Even during the tensions of these times, Cuba and the United States wrote letters to one another. In one final letter, soviets agreed to remove missiles in Cuba id the U.S. did the same in Turkey. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" target="_blank">The Kennedy administration</a> agreed to this on the terms that they would also not invade cuba. On October 28th, the crisis drew to a close.Juliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08796410995592120907noreply@blogger.com286tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-40921004956172483472020-04-26T23:47:00.000-07:002020-04-26T23:49:19.594-07:00Florida History: EvergladesDuring recent months, I had the privilege of visiting The Everglades National Park in southern Florida. While I've been to over a dozen national parks in the United States, The Everglades area surprised me with its unique diversity. I was interested to learn how awareness about the park has evolved through the years, as nature preservation has not always been a part of the culture in Florida as it is where I grew up in the <a href="https://www.doi.gov/ocl/pacific-northwest-parks" target="_blank">Pacific Northwest</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1486518714050-b97edb7fcfa9?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="white crane standing on body of water during daytime" border="0" height="213" src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1486518714050-b97edb7fcfa9?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" width="320" /></a><br />
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The Everglades National Park is one of 62 protected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States" target="_blank">National Parks</a> in the United States. It encompasses 2,357 square miles, the largest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics" target="_blank">subtropical</a> region preserved today. It took nearly a decade to claim the land as National Park Territory, part of the reason being the vast array of ecosystems preserved by the singular park which also borders <a href="https://www.nps.gov/bicy/index.htm" target="_blank">Big Cypress National Preserve</a>, <a href="https://www.nps.gov/bisc/index.htm" target="_blank">The Biscayne National Park</a> and <a href="https://www.nps.gov/drto/index.htm" target="_blank">Dry Tortugas National Park</a>. The Everglades and surrounding areas preserve at least nine different ecosystems, and these serve as the home to the most diverse set of <a href="https://www.evergladesholidaypark.com/flora-and-fauna-everglades/" target="_blank">plant and animal species</a> in the United States. There are also numerous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_invasive_species_in_the_Everglades" target="_blank">invasive species</a> to the Everglades including the <a href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/florida_panther/wah/panther.html" target="_blank">Florida Panther</a>. These panthers, now endangered, used to roam throughout the southeaster United States, but they are now restricted to about 5% of their historical breeding grounds. They, along with other invasive species aggressively adapted to the Everglades, and are now considered part of the meticulously monitored network of <a href="https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/FloridaPantherRIT.html" target="_blank">protected</a> wildlife in the region.<br />
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<a href="about:invalid#zClosurez" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Save the Florida Panther" border="0" 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" /></a></div>
Historically, it is one of the more heavily <a href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/scienceresearch.htm" target="_blank">studied</a> park. Hurricane Andrew destroyed some of the aspects of the park including the main visitor center in 1992, and <a href="https://en.unesco.org/" target="_blank">UNESCO</a> added it to the List of World Heritage in Danger. It was added again in 2010 due to the decrease in water flow through the canals west of the park, and increasing pollution from <a href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/guidedtours.htm" target="_blank">boat tourism</a>. Research in and around the park has been a fascination to environmental scientists for decades. Its large network of ecosystems provides a one-stop shop for photographers, scientists and nature-enthusiasts alike. It is one of the only places in the world, for example, that hosts both <a href="https://atutor.ca/alligator-vs-crocodile/" target="_blank">crocodiles and alligators</a>!<br />
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<a href="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1501155971883-5eea9f469c10?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="black crocodile near linear leafed plants" border="0" height="266" src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1501155971883-5eea9f469c10?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&w=1000&q=80" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />Juliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08796410995592120907noreply@blogger.com286tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-16647337597959561732020-04-24T14:46:00.000-07:002020-04-24T15:52:20.657-07:00History of New Orleans!<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Some New Orleans History</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre;">Jambalaya - Creole vs. Cajun</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">Today, </span><a href="http://www.gimmesomeoven.xn--com%20%20jambalaya-recipe-xn6o/" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">jambalaya</a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;"> is considered a Louisiana classic. Like many popular recipes, </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Jambalaya was </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">created long ago out of necessity. From 1762 to 1767, Spain began the slow </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">process of replacing </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">authorities in what used to be the French territory of “La Louisiane,” and </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">a lot more than politics </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">was jumbled in the process. Early Spanish settlers had to learn how to </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">cook with the ingredients </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">and spices found in this new world. It’s likely that this popular </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">Louisiana classic was born from </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">the Spanish dish </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.xn--org%20%20wiki%20%20paella-xn6oka/" target="_blank">paella</a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, a concoction of fish, meat, tomatoes </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">and rice. Because saffron, a typical </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">ingredient in Spanish Paella, was not readily available in the</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">new world, it was replaced with </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">tomatoes. Over time, spices from the Carribean turned paella </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">into the completely unique yet ever </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">evolving dish, jambalaya. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">There are multiple ways to prepare jambalaya, and they correspond to various cultures’ historical </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">in New Orleans and surrounding areas. “</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.xn--org%20%20wiki%20%20cajuns-xn6oka/" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">Cajun</a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">” jambalaya is often made with a tomato </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">base, and likewise, more ingredients found in the country. The word “Cajun” has its etymology in </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">the word “Acadian,” referring typically to Louisiana settlers from Canada and Nova Scotia. Cajun </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">dishes including crawfish, and etouffee are often heavily spiced and use the “trinity” of cajun </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">cooking - celery, onions and peppers. The other large cultural complex of Louisiana, “</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.xn--org%20%20wiki%20%20louisiana_creole_people-wd9zka/" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">Creole</a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">,” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">creates jambalaya with more ingredients found in the city such as butter and cream. It is typically </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">more refined and European; the rest of Creole cuisine follows with a base of French influence, but </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">the Creole population is composed of both French and Spanish settlers. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Sources:</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)</span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.tripsavvy.com/the-difference-between-cajun-and-creole-3961097" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">https://www.tripsavvy.com/the-difference-between-cajun-and-creole-3961097</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Jambalaya" style="text-decoration: none;">https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Jambalaya</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">The Lower Ninth Ward - the unspoken history washed away by Hurricane Katrina</span><br />
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<span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 351px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="351" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/NnfZgmdkXyjXfxi-C9FkOzDky-FlKsjGsnA009dt8vNbsDEh5ohu05ByegwNVjT5gSxGLrErVR4QpvXK5VWbUrEVTEDHx9_Cs8f2nSTQN6jn_b-4nmR-QYY0MPzAQWWeWpDdKTf8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(photo by Julia Holden-Hunkins)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">If you take a walk through the ninth ward, it would appear similar to the rest of New Orleans at </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">first glance. Perhaps there is a little more poverty, and if you looked over your shoulder as you’re </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">driving in from the French Quarter, you might notice a large cluster of interesting buildings with </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">solar panels atop their roofs. But unless you happened to stumble upon the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">“</span><a href="http://www.l9livingmuseum.org/" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">Lower Ninth Ward Living Museum,</a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">” a building altogether too small to contain such a rich history, </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">you might not know a quarter of what’s happened in this place. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The ninth ward is the largest of the seventeen wards of New Orleans. The wards were drawn in </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">1852 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">when New Orleans sought to reorganize from three separate municipalities into one </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">centralized government. It is the easternmost downriver ward and is divided in half; the northern </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">part is bounded by Lake Pontchartrain, and the southern part is bounded by the Mississippi River </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">and has been the home for mostly lower to middle-class African American people. While all of </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">New Orleans suffered the blows of multiple hurricanes, the lower ninth ward was always the most </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">vulnerable due to its proximity to the levy. Despite </span><a href="https://www.outsidethebeltway.com/katrina_federal_money_for_louisiana_went_to_pork_not_levees/" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">government funds</a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;"> being allocated to rebuild </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">the levy to protect the lower ninth ward in case of a disaster like hurricane Katrina, the levy was </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">never secured. When it breached, the environmental destruction devastated the lower ninth ward </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">financially and culturally. Some people who were relocated were never able to return to their </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">homes. Efforts to rebuild the lower ninth ward for those families are still in effect today. One such </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">effort was sought out by Brad Pitt in his “</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.xn--org%20%20wiki%20%20make_it_right_foundation-yz50aka/" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">Make it Right Campaign</a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">,” where he initiated the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">construction of 109 energy-efficient homes. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">Since Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005 The Lower Ninth ward has been a destination visited by U.S.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">presidents such as George W. Bush and Barack Obama. The rich history is rooted in new </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">beginnings for escaped slaves after embarking on the underground railroad, and it lives on today </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">in many forms - one of which being the tradition of the </span><a href="https://www.mardigrasneworleans.com/history/mardi-gras-indians/" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">Mardi Gras Indians</a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;"> who celebrate their </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">history in bold colors and elaborately beaded costumes in the Mardi Gras parades. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Sources:</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Ward_of_New_Orleans#Hurricane_Katrina" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Ward_of_New_Orleans#Hurricane_Katrina</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/288" style="text-decoration: none;">https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/288</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://houseofdanceandfeathers.org/mardigrasindians/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">http://houseofdanceandfeathers.org/mardigrasindians/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Beads, baby! The history of New Orleans Mardi Gras</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mardi Gras (which translates to “Fat Tuesday”) is most popular in New Orleans which annually hosts the largest celebration of the holiday. However, the very first Mardi Gras celebration took place in Mobile, Alabama, and it’s roots bury deep into the European traditions of </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">carnival</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> dating before the medieval times. The celebration of a carnival is unknown by historians, however, the celebration is born from Christianity. Lent (a sacrificial Christian holiday) is one of the primary forces behind the necessity for carnivals, which are often baudy celebrations including parading, feasting and elements of circus. The idea was to live largely and indulge before giving up on some of the earthly pleasures for the season of Lent. Sometimes masks were introduced to allow people to discard their everyday persona in order to fully partake in the party spirit. During shrovetide, the days toward the end of carnival, people confessed their sins.</span><br /><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-f42fcd4c-7fff-bb3a-c1b9-58e0cd27b52b"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 780px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img alt="person riding on tractor surrounded by peoples" height="780" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/B5ILBjR-0bYhojpn05k4RTNd13qe5f3bR85Nau4iVbtHunGd2tBxEbBmEfpaGopu_GeB48w_bAQI56G_CqoKdmGNV6NxVj9OxQSxKvx_xcfUifCLA5a13PQPGrWDZEzKP4bEcPcV" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The first recorded celebration of Mardi Gras in Louisiana was in 1699 in what is now the</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">Plaquemines Parish. Gradually, the festivities migrated and centered around New Orleans and </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">celebrated in the form of parades, masking, costuming and cross-dressing. In 1856, 21 </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">gentlemen </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">secretly arranged the first </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Krewe </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">of Mardi Gras (a pinnacle of the celebrations today)</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">to be </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">observed in an official parade. That first Krewe was named “</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.xn--org%20%20wiki%20%20mistick_krewe_of_comus-uq2zka/" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">The Mystick Krewe of Comus</a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">” </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">which continues to be seen today. Now alongside Comus, popular krewes include The Krewe of </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Thoth, The Krewe of Bacchus (which historically names celebrities as their “kings”), Rex, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Proteus, Orpheus and Zulu. All of these krewes partake in parades from the beginning of January </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">until the end of February and ride upon floats, some of which have taken all year to design and </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">build. Typically, float-riders wear masks and throw gifts to viewers such as doubloons (coins with </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">some significance to their krewe), cups, shirts and other miscellaneous items. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">In 1875, the state of Louisiana declared Mardi Gras a legal state holiday, and the parades were </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">held in rain </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">or shine save for a few instances during the Civil War, World War I, and World War II.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">In 1979, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">the New Orleans police department went on strike leaving The National Guard to prevent</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">crimes </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">during the holiday. Although it was more sparsely attended than previous years, there were </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">less </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">regulations on alcohol and drug use deeming 1979’s mardi gras one of the best in the eyes of </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">bohemian party-goers. National Guard Troops returned to Mardi Gras in 2005 to assist in crowd </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">control in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. This year hosted floats which satirized the U.S. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">Army Corps and The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in their failure to secure </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre;">the levees in New Orleans. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Rex’s inaugural parade in 1892 established the city’s celebratory colors: purple, green and gold. There is </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">no distinct reason why these colors were chosen, although Errol Laborde theorized their significance was </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">due to </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">heraldry. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">However, the Rex organization declared that the colors corresponded to justice, power </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">and faith. These colors continue to decorate floats, beads, and the notorious </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.xn--org%20%20wiki%20%20king_cake-3j6qka/" target="_blank">king cake</a></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> which is delicately </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">folded with colored bread, colored sugar and holds a traditional plastic baby inside. </span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival</span></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans</span></a></div>
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<br />Juliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08796410995592120907noreply@blogger.com308tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-37374353362267142762020-04-24T14:32:00.001-07:002020-04-24T14:32:07.044-07:00<b>The Green Revolution </b><br />
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Beginning in the 1950s, The Green Revolution was considered the third wave of agriculture in The United States. The Green Revolution was endorsed largely by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.xn--org%20%20wiki%20%20ford_foundation-gc6uka/" target="_blank">The Ford</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" target="_blank">Rockefeller Foundations</a>, and introduced the widespread use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, controlled water supply (irrigation), and mechanized farming methods. The method of using “high-yielding varieties'' (HYVs) was also developed during this time. The HYVs were crops where semi-dwarfing genes with a higher potential to absorb nitrogen were bred into the genomes for the rest of that crop, creating a stronger genome and therefore a larger harvest. The goal of these innovations was to increase the yield of crops. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.xn--org%20%20wiki%20%20norman_borlaug-ep9tka/" target="_blank">Norman Borlaug</a> is deemed the father of this movement and earned a nobel peace prize for his efforts in increasing the yield of crops resulting in saving over a billion people from starvation. Mexico is regarded as the birthplace of The Green Revolution. With U.S. support and the order of Mexican president Manuel Ávila Camacho, Mexico evolved with new knowledge and technology. Mexico's successes began the spread of The Green Revolution into the Philippines, India, Brazil and several less successful attempts to increase crop yields in Africa.<br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-4a38dadc-7fff-e341-21de-457a223574b1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 375px; overflow: hidden; width: 500px;"><img height="375" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ErYPbZuu-ynB2XyfLHoxMK6L0uZZBzGoFt3awEm-ERbRiO6FpljcEv9vVl2C2BBX-b9aUzXlkxLQ7ZoXuhuwk8Ygnn7FlYvACnUblnKJxmRBtvsMrdBNm4aFwu_fKY9gXxMVGweB" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="500" /></span></span></span><br />
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<b>Sparks of Environmental Activism and Government Response</b><br />
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The Green Revolution proved successful in helping aid world hunger, but it did not exist without criticism. <a href="https://www.scu.edu/environmental-ethics/environmental-activists-heroes-and-martyrs/" target="_blank">Environmental Activists</a> took issue with many aspects of these new agricultural practices and how they may be affecting the environment in a long-term sense. These concerns boiled down to a matter of sustainability. Resources such as synthetic fertilizers and water were mined, and these places could not replenish those resources as fast as they were being taken. Environmentalists were also concerned about the pollution of the soil during this process. Rachel Carson’s book <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.xn--org%20%20wiki%20%20silent_spring-c22tka/" target="_blank">Silent Spring</a></i> was published in 1962 and reflected a conversation about pollution and agricultural chemicals' effects on ecology. Activists also advocated for proper conservation tilling methods including rotating crops in order to avoid topsoil erosion and depletion of nutrient-dense soil. Finally, there were economic concerns about an increasingly centralized agricultural system and its detrimental effects on small family farmers.<br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-c9682c7e-7fff-27f2-be6a-e035fb727fd2"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 333px; overflow: hidden; width: 500px;"><img height="333" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/GS0CniciClm12ghfck25ZiVjVg3Ww4YOMP97l5oM0ZxwUGZ5AAmDHgmqIKZeFfB3W1Y8hSkESr40i704twTdpjSy2aPPpI2ZKKyUXkOTjg0zL0HaJiIaK1UEYKF6E7GheQGc8tTf" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="500" /></span></span></span><br />
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Several books and studies were published in favor of the sustainable agriculture movement. <a href="http://landinstitute.xn--org%20%20about-us%20%20staff%20%20wes-jackson-2881aoal/" target="_blank">Wes Jackson</a> published <i>New Roots for Agriculture</i> which argued that “monoculture farms with annual plants that require a lot of external inputs to grow – like huge fields of corn fertilized by ammonia – should be replaced by "polycultures" of perennial plants where one species would complement another” (Ganzel). U.S. Lawmakers did respond to this widespread concern from environmental activists by funding research initiatives. The goal was to inspire perhaps more eco-friendly practices while responding to hunger and population growth. In 1989, $4.45 million was allocated toward the Low-Impact Sustainable Agricultural (LISA) program with the USDA. This evolved into the <a href="http://www.sare.org/" target="_blank">Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) Program</a>.<br />
In 1907 Farmers of Forty Centuries was written by Franklin H. King. Here, he discussed the advantages of sustainable agriculture and its necessity to the continuity of farming in the future. However, the term “sustainable agriculture” wasn’t coined until about 1980 by Australian agronomist Gordon McClymont.<br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-2bc92b7a-7fff-ab21-3256-2201a6ee9f80"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 333px; overflow: hidden; width: 500px;"><img height="333" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/kqX-XF-iA8J_Ul763eJW3DR8hgynxMOAQdDCbyn3SXhXHMAw3ZSMaN0EjOr6IZNU_WIcF8MNo0HpnoJGodIzLno3-k9l_n4XwRkPmnPrEkekF1K5_VWl6gH-S4q5qjZXGbDO5gZk" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="500" /></span></span></span><br />
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<b>Peppers, Preppers and Pandemics - Agricultural Independence within a Globalized Market</b><br />
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There is a lot to dissect when it comes to the topic of sustainability, but one pinpoint discussion is on the topic of “preppers.” Who exactly are they, and what does their mindset reveal about modern-day agriculture? This word, <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/reviewedcom/2020/03/20/8-items-preppers-recommend-emergency-like-coronavirus-crisis/2887673001/" target="_blank">prepper,</a> refers to the type of person who invests much of their time and energy into preparing for natural disasters (or, more severely, some apocalyptic event). Not all preppers have a big garden on their off-grid cabin, but many of them have something in common, and that is a seed of suspicion in the reliability of the structures in place to sustain all of humanity. And considering the contemporary stance of a world living under the shadow of <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCov/index.html" target="_blank">COVID-19</a> (coronavirus), they may have a point. When grocery stores close down, it is the farmers, gardeners, off-the-gridders, and yes, those forward thinking preppers who continue life soundly while the rest of us struggle to shift.<br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-24870adf-7fff-f7af-0f6f-3a3560b07893"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 750px; overflow: hidden; width: 500px;"><img height="750" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uaVpYD6yRNANHsR9Q9K7DjiPf6gzrUXW1URN-SsE57VBVrlp5LgCFAZXEdvGVqgTzor-GrpOUd3W9C_Kb0LIsWhDpBOOCHZN-LespYD9UYMRLt38tafndj-uaArEZDvNlpAOmAIK" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="500" /></span></span></span><br />
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Before delving into the benefits of preparedness in anticipation of disaster, first there are some benefits of the prepping lifestyle that are alone worth mentioning in the discussion of sustainable agriculture. For many preppers, “organic” (produced or involving production without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or other artificial agents) farming is part of their belief system. Of course, this means relying less on big agricultural giants mass-producing monoculture crops and more on what can grow naturally in the environment readily accessible to them. This ideal is not unique to preppers, but it does carry an interesting preposition about sustainable farming - in the face of disaster, whether it be natural or political, how fragile are the systems that we depend on for a need as basic as food?<br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-24c06122-7fff-63a3-9598-0197b3c0dd79"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 333px; overflow: hidden; width: 500px;"><img height="333" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/D2FHc9fjFHsXBeylLjLwm0ILtSk9d-icudDBVbfYjf_EFj9HEj2d-9MLuY6e626w5qRHC9r9eQ9cg45yhWAt3mw87PvAgF7LaiH8sm67gSyu4GIl-eKBv7M_VDFjgatq_5ctu51f" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="500" /></span></span></span><br />
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Prepping, otherwise regarded as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.xn--org%20%20wiki%20%20survivalism-7s9rka/" target="_blank">survivalism</a>, is a concept that has been around since the 1930s when suspicions toward government collapse and nuclear warfare appeared in both fiction and nonfiction writings dawning after the cold war. Preppers regard The Great Depression as a prime example of the need for survivalism. Other waves of survivalism occurred during the libertarian movement of the 1960s, the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1980s, after the September 11th, 2001 attacks, and the emergence of swine flu in 2009. The strategies discussed among these years compiled a vast array of survival skills, food preparedness being only one of them. However, our present day situation of the COVID-19 pandemic presents a struggle delicately woven into the food and grocery network. The disease was born in the <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/23/842178010/u-s-pressures-china-to-close-wet-markets-thought-to-be-source-of-covid-19" target="_blank">wet markets in Wuhan, China</a>, and in a chain reaction of precautionary events, people have been forced to rely less on the daily convenience of grocery stores. Along with this, the U.S. and countries around the globe must sacrifice a guaranteed sanitary shopping experience, and the promised longevity of shipping and importing common products and goods.<br />
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Although the sustainable agriculture movement has faced many critiques, one of which is its ability to actually feed 7.5 billion people across the globe without mass-producing food with the use of practices introduced by The Green Revolution (and later, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Green_Revolution" target="_blank">New Green Revolution</a>). But there is now a more interesting debate in play brought about by this disease which threatens the infrastructure of mass-production and retrieval and abundance of goods. Could environmentalists have been right? Perhaps sustainable agriculture is not only necessary for the survival of ecosystems, but also the survival of humanity?<br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-32561d8c-7fff-c87f-eda5-86b52d39f5e7"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 375px; overflow: hidden; width: 500px;"><img height="375" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/iSrNCiPglgwotevGa8qheP4qFg_raQBfbiuFt5ptq3r28rmhtFou6CuFT6eBJBPAcfRcVstGtKgGBGM58knfuaifzlOIFYT73uuQVZonqiLVLoi5fsk_2MQZ7dDQzPTcukQxq1rs" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="500" /></span></span></span><br />
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Sources:<br />
https://livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/crops_20.html<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution<br />
https://unsplash.com/<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture<br />
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/03/29/coronavirus-why-kentucky-preppers-were-prepared-when-covid-19-struck/2933159001/<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivalism#1930s_to_1950s<br />
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Juliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08796410995592120907noreply@blogger.com174tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-16175287556906291892020-04-24T13:56:00.000-07:002020-05-05T16:48:42.068-07:00World Celebrates 50th Anniversary of Earth Day - The History Behind The Holiday<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/MqVrod_H26d0-lSw89CqVfr7oU_zmltvP8Mltxj7vir2C1t2Xpv3at64rYW2ps28qIqJisZZoypOw7iAIu1iTQ9Z4fJ6yKfU_8yDs1X6JmMAiQ-LXexrQ2lcT25DFi_wTfkuOMCl" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="346" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/MqVrod_H26d0-lSw89CqVfr7oU_zmltvP8Mltxj7vir2C1t2Xpv3at64rYW2ps28qIqJisZZoypOw7iAIu1iTQ9Z4fJ6yKfU_8yDs1X6JmMAiQ-LXexrQ2lcT25DFi_wTfkuOMCl" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="356" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Before Rachel Carson's, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring" target="_blank">Silent Spring</a>,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> was released in 1962, humans were consuming tons of the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Earth's limited resources, and few were concerned with preserving the planet as a home we must care </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">for. Carson's book planted the seeds for change, and eight years later, on April 22nd, 1970, the first </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day" target="_blank">Earth day</a> was celebrated. It is still celebrated annually across the globe. This year, while some </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">celebrated in Oregon by digging up their old potatoes and planting new ones, many celebrate in </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">quarantine with the Spring beckoning them to love the earth from inside sanitized windows. Earth day </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">serves as a time for reflection, for us to take account of how our behavior has shaped the land we live, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">breathe, eat and drink from. And although earth day doesn't necessarily signify the birth day of our </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">planet, the big bang or another creation myth, what have you, many use it as an excuse to turn off their </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">lights, consume less, pick up trash along dirty sidewalks, etc. And if it weren't for the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCov/index.html" target="_blank">coronavirus pandemic</a>, grocery stores would presumably operate as normal.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The first Earth day in 1970 was not quite as sedentary. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The catalyst for this holiday's recognition in the United States was in the groups of activists all over the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">country. They used that day, April 22nd, to send a wake up call to everyone partaking in systems of </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">earthly destruction. Hippies raided grocery stores, calling to question the consistent use of </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101" target="_blank">single-user plastics</a>, thousands of protests were organized on university campuses and rallies across the</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">nation in parks, auditoriums and streets were broadcasted. It served as one of the more uniting events in</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">U.S. history, as it brought republicans and democrats together on a stance toward change. This led to </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">progressive political action. The first Earth day led to the creation United States </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/" target="_blank">Environmental Protection Agency</a> and environmental laws, all the first of their kind, including the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/education/national-environmental-education-act" target="_blank">National Environmental Education Act</a>, <a href="https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/oshact/completeoshact" target="_blank">the Occupational Safety and Health Act</a>, and the <a href="https://www.boem.gov/environment/environmental-assessment/air-quality-act-1967-or-clean-air-act-caa" target="_blank">Clean Air Act,</a> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">we're passed. Two years later Congress passed the <a href="https://www.asbcouncil.org/protect-waters-us?gclid=CjwKCAjwnIr1BRAWEiwA6GpwNbHAY-UM8ucsBWzAcTH3whxmrqnri5E59kpXDsCf5SzXdHjRAzho6xoCgksQAvD_BwE" target="_blank">Clean Water Act</a>. A year after that, Congress </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">passed the <a href="https://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/" target="_blank">Endangered Species Act</a> and soon after the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-federal-insecticide-fungicide-and-rodenticide-act" target="_blank">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and </a></span><a href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-federal-insecticide-fungicide-and-rodenticide-act" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">Rodenticide Act.</a></div>
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<span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 237px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 356px;"><img height="237" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/9U3fAweKODYzjtLoqECrxxq6WoyZ9a734Ta1pRnrUPkg4bjy7WUgeQzHQlMKn_Kab-22lXH14sMhq1PsWbOJUzyEk6B8RJ_CSbbMGMVoLLJIEQCdSCVWsUJXprrwHNju07eNEKEi" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="356" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Since that first celebration and call to action, earth day has spread into a global holiday. Just a decade </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ago, 193 countries were reported to have partaken on Earth day festivities, marches and volunteerism. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Today it remains a global (and of course earthly) affair. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">This Earth day in 2020 marked the <a href="https://www.earthday.org/history/" target="_blank">50th anniversary of the holiday</a>. With the concern for global warming </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">rising, and less action being taken by our government today, people are motivated to educate and </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">organize. The network created by earth day serves consistently as a reminder of the good we can do </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">when we stand together toward a common goal which will affect the future for everyone. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Sources</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.earthday.org/history/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">https://www.earthday.org/history/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Photos from <a href="http://unsplash.com/">Unsplash.com</a></span></div>
<br />Juliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08796410995592120907noreply@blogger.com201tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-2284074774300732492020-04-16T07:35:00.003-07:002020-05-05T16:31:37.759-07:001918 Flu Pandemic / The Spanish Flu. History of one of the world's greatest death events<br />
<h2>
1918 Flu Pandemic / The Spanish Flu</h2>
History often comes close to repeating itself. The current COVID-19 Pandemic is no exception . As we all struggle with the new world of "Novel Coronavirus" and how to deal with the disease it causes - COVID-19, a little history is in order.<br />
<br />
<i>The following is adapted from Wikipedia's "Spanish Flu" article here: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu</a><br /><br />For more authoritative details about COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Coronavirus consider these sites:</i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #faa700; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" title="">coronavirus disease 2019</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Wikipedia</span><br />
World Health Organization: <a href="https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019">https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019</a><br />
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The Spanish Flu (misnamed as it had no special relationship to Spain, though origins of the disease are unclear) lasted from January 1918 to December 1920.<br />
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The flu pandemic spread around the world, infecting some 500 million people and killing as many as 50-100 million. Mortality among young adults was especially severe - a significant contrast with the current COVID-19 pandemic. </div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Influenza A virus subtype H1N1">H1N1 influenza virus</a> was the culprit.<br />
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The Spanish Flu pandemic was possibly the deadliest event in all of human history, possibly surpassing all wars in terms of the final death toll, though war deaths are typically better reported than during the Spanish Flu Pandemic.</div>
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Several <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific island">Pacific island</a> territories were hit particularly hard as New Zealand travelers visited. 8% of Tonga, 16% of Nauru, and 5% of Fiji's population died in the pandemic. Worst hit was Western Samoa with a 90% infection rate, though American Samoa was spared thanks to an early blockade. </div>
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The Spanish flu had a very deadly "second wave" where thousands more died in late 1918, but by 1919 the virus had largely disappeared. Researchers do not fully understand the rapid demise of what had been one of the deadliest of all human diseases, though some speculate that treatments for pneumonia improved dramatically, others that the virus mutated to a less deadly form.<br />
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Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com159tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-76280839843505505712020-02-20T16:02:00.003-08:002020-04-04T17:49:37.833-07:00First Amendment. History of Amendments to the US Constitution.<br />
AMENDMENTS to the US Constitution. <br />
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<b>Amendment I<br /><br />Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly<br /><br />Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.</b><br />
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The first ten amendments to the US Constitution are known as the <a href="https://u-s-history.com/pages/h382.html">Bill of Rights</a>. <br />
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After the <a href="https://u-s-history.com/pages/h2448.html">Civil War</a> several more were passed to legalize rights of African Americans who had been freed after the war.</div>
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The United States Constitution now has 25 functioning amendments. There have been 27 ratified in total, but one of these, the 18th, was Prohibition and another, the 21st, was the repeal of Prohibition.</div>
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See our <a href="https://u-s-history.com/pages/h926.html">AMENDMENTS SUMMARY</a> for more about the US Constitution</div>
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Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com348tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-92096841365947537802017-05-01T10:19:00.001-07:002017-05-01T10:24:40.435-07:00The Gatekeeper. Missy LeHand, FDR, and the Untold Story of the Partnership That Defined a Presidency. By Kathryn Smith<br />
<img alt="book cover" src="https://catalog.simonandschuster.com/Covers/9781501114960.jpg" /><br />
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<tr><td class="textbox" style="color: #515151; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 596px;">The first biography of arguably the most influential member of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s administration, Marguerite “Missy” LeHand, FDR’s de facto chief of staff, who has been misrepresented, mischaracterized, and overlooked throughout history…until now.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="textbox" style="color: #515151; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 596px;">Widely considered the first female presidential chief of staff, Marguerite “Missy” LeHand was the right-hand woman to Franklin Delano Roosevelt—both personally and professionally—for more than twenty years. Although her official title as personal secretary was relatively humble, her power and influence were unparalleled. Everyone in the White House knew one truth: If you wanted access to Franklin, you had to get through Missy. She was one of his most trusted advisors, affording her a unique perspective on the president that no one else could claim, and she was deeply admired and respected by Eleanor and the Roosevelt children.<br />
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With unprecedented access to Missy’s family and original source materials, journalist Kathryn Smith tells the captivating and forgotten story of the intelligent, loyal, and clever woman who had a front-row seat to history in the making. <i>The Gatekeeper</i> is a thoughtful, revealing unsung-hero story about a woman ahead of her time, the true weight of her responsibility, and the tumultuous era in which she lived—and a long overdue tribute to one of the most important female figures in American history.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="textbox" style="color: #515151; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 596px;">"[A] fine biography....Ms. Smith has filled a small gap in Roosevelt historiography with this compelling personal story."<br />
— The Wall Street Journal<br />
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"Highly readable....Smith's biography represents her subject perfectly."<br />
— Washington Post</td></tr>
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<br />
More from Publisher Simon and Schuster<br />
<a href="https://catalog.simonandschuster.com/TitleDetails/TitleDetails.aspx?cid=2741&isbn=9781501114960">https://catalog.simonandschuster.com/TitleDetails/TitleDetails.aspx?cid=2741&isbn=9781501114960</a>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com4404tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-83548415116666787322013-01-23T10:55:00.000-08:002013-01-23T10:55:46.160-08:00The Slaves Gamble by Gene Allen Smith<em><strong>The Slaves' Gamble by Gene Allen Smith</strong></em><br />
<em>----------------------------------<br /> </em><br />
Why
would slaves fight for the United States, a nation that kept them in
bondage, during the War of 1812? Why did free blacks join with the
British or with the Spanish, or with Native American communities during
the conflict? These questions form the basis for Gene Allen Smith’s new
book, The Slaves’ Gamble: Choosing Sides in the War of 1812. In this
gripping story, Smith, a history professor at Texas Christian
University, recreates the growing conflicts between the fledgling United
States, Great Britain, Spain, and various Native American groups, and
shows how each group “tried to mobilize the free black and slave
populations in the hopes of defeating the other.” When the War of 1812
began, free blacks and slaves consciously chose the side they would
support, and those tenuous choices dramatically impacted their future
freedom and opportunity as well as the future of the United States.<br /><br />
This
book looks at African American combatants during the War of 1812 as a
way to understand the conflict as well as the evolution of racial
relations during the early nineteenth century. Black participants—slaves
and freemen both—had to choose sides and these choices ultimately
defined their individual and collective identities. Canadian slaves
escaped south into Michigan during the first decade of the nineteenth
century and joined the militia in Detroit and later surrendered with
General William Hull in August 1812; this contradicts common perceptions
that the Underground Railroad always ran north to freedom in Canada. In
fact, for a very few years during the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries the route to freedom proceeded south from Canada to
the free territories of the Old Northwest. Once the war ended, the
route turned north to freedom in Canada.<br />
<br />Along the Chesapeake Bay
during 1813 and 1814 many slaves joined the British Colonial Marines and
later marched with Redcoats on Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, while
others chose to remain with their masters. Maryland slave Charles Ball
consciously declared himself a freeman and joined Joshua Barney’s
flotilla in the Chesapeake. During the British 1814 Chesapeake campaign
Ball fought for the Americans at Bladensburg and in the defense of
Baltimore. During the fall of 1814 in New York City, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore, slaves and free blacks joined alongside white American
workers to construct defenses for those cities.<br />
Later in 1814
along the coast of Georgia and South Carolina slaves had to choose
sides. Cumberland Island slave Ned Simmons immediately discarded his
shackles to join the British army, yet he was never transferred off the
island. When peace came he became victim of tense Anglo-American
negotiations. Stripped of his British uniform, Simmons was re-enslaved,
and did not secure his freedom until 1863; the centenarian Simmons died
only a few months after being liberated by Union troops.<br /><br />
Along the
Gulf of Mexico during the War of 1812 slaves found multiple
choices—some joined with the Spanish, some with Native American tribes
and others with the British. During the weeks before the climactic
January 1815 Battle of New Orleans, both the British and General Andrew
Jackson competed for slaves and free blacks. Two regiments of free men
of color volunteered to defend the city, and then Jackson promised
freedom to slaves who would labor on the American line. Jackson
ultimately secured their assistance with promises of equality and
freedom that never fully appeared.<br />
<br />During the years prior to the
War of 1812 African Americans had gained increased political, economic,
and civic rights; many of these concessions had been won by black
participation during the War for Independence and their support for a
new political system based on the primacy of the United States. Slaves
saw this jostling for their loyalties as “an avenue to freedom,” and
consequently joined armies or communities of Native Americans or
mulattoes on the fringes of society.<br />
<br />The War of 1812 did not
create opportunities for all slaves, as for the most part slaves fled or
joined militias only when hospitable troops were in the area. Those who
remained in the United States generally remained in bondage, while
those who took the chance to flee to British lines were mostly evacuated
from the United States. The latter group found freedom in British
colonies such as Bermuda, Canada, or Trinidad, where they and many of
their descendants remained impoverished economically. This gripping tale
of the evolution of race relations in early America reveals how these
people won their freedom.<br />
<br />By the time the War of 1812 ended the
United States had reaffirmed its political, economic, and cultural
freedom, and white Americans had finally realized that armed blacks
posed serious threats to the existing status quo, and that threat would
have to be eliminated. The optimism that had flowed from the
Revolutionary period into the War of 1812 era lost its influence on
American southerners who still maintained their human property, but
thereafter had to worry about holding onto it. In the end, the free
blacks and slaves who had sided with the Americans, like those who had
joined with the British, the Spanish, or with Native Americans, wanted
only one thing—their land of the FREE. Instead the War of 1812 confirmed
the security of the United States, and provided the last chance for
blacks as a group to secure their freedom through force of arms until
the American Civil War finally ended slavery once and for all.<br />
<br />The Slaves' Gamble is written by:<br /> <em>Gene Allen Smith<br /> Professor<br /> Dept of History<br /> Texas Christian University</em>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com347tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-84796159133191100562012-04-24T11:29:00.000-07:002012-04-24T11:29:03.358-07:00Civil War Sketch BookHere at US History we're reviewing the new book by Harry L. Katz and Vincent Virga, "Civil War Sketch Book - Drawings from the Battlefront". It's a remarkable collections of drawings from the Civil War with extensive historical narrative. Soon available. Publisher is W.W. Norton and Company. The lowest price we've seen is via Amazon.com at about $33, available via pre-order.<br />
<br />
May 2012's National Geographic will be featuring some of this extensive Civil War collection, the largest organized sketch book collection to date.<br />
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<br />Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com412tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-63906529225298263362012-03-11T15:21:00.002-07:002012-03-11T15:22:23.815-07:00American History through American Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/new-installations/american-wing">Image Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If you're in the New York Area don't miss the new wing at the Metropolitan Museum of Art featuring American history through art. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Following are excerpts from the Exhibit Introduction:</span></div>
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The Metropolitan Museum's collection of American art, one of the finest and most comprehensive in the world, returned to view in expanded, reconceived, and dramatic new galleries on January 16, 2012, when the Museum inaugurated the New American Wing Galleries for Paintings, Sculpture, and Decorative Arts. The new installation provides visitors with a rich and captivating experience of the history of American art from the eighteenth through the early twentieth century. The suite of elegant new galleries encompasses 30,000 square feet for the display of the Museum's superb collection.</div>
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The Museum's holdings are particularly rich in the works of the great masters, including John Singleton Copley (<a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/20010869" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #6c5e3f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Daniel Crommelin Verplanck</em></a>), Gilbert Stuart (<a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/20017903" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #6c5e3f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">George Washington</em></a>), Thomas Cole (<a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/20010844" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #6c5e3f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Oxbow</em></a>), Church (<a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/20010828" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #6c5e3f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Heart of the Andes</em></a>), Winslow Homer (<a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/20011490" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #6c5e3f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Prisoners from the Front</em></a>), Thomas Eakins (<a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/20011170" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #6c5e3f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Max Schmitt in a Single Scull</em></a>), and John Singer Sargent (<a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/20012492" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #6c5e3f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Madame X</em></a>).</div>
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The centerpiece of the new installation is one of the best-known works in all of American art, Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze's 1851 painting <a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/20011777" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #6c5e3f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Washington Crossing the Delaware</em></a>. This double-sized gallery showcases Leutze's iconic work alongside two other masterpieces—Church's <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Heart of the Andes</em> and Albert Bierstadt's <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #6c5e3f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/20010496" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #6c5e3f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">Rocky Mountains</a>.</em></div>
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The Museum's encyclopedic collection offers visitors the broad sweep of American history as told through great works of art. [US History themes in the art collection include] Colonial Portraiture, the American Revolution, the Young Republic, the Civil War Era, Art in the Folk Tradition, the Hudson River School, the West, the Cosmopolitan Spirit, and American Impressionism.</div>
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Interspersed among the pictures is the American Wing's sculpture collection. Artists represented include Erastus Dow Palmer, John Quincy Adams Ward, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Daniel Chester French, Frederic Remington, and Frederick William MacMonnies.</div>
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The new suite of galleries also feature four rooms dedicated to the display of American decorative arts, principally treasures of colonial furniture and silver. Selected highlights of the Museum's extraordinary collection of early American silver include works by John Hull and Robert Sanderson, Myer Myers, and Paul Revere. The furniture gallery has masterpieces of late colonial case furniture by John Townsend of Newport and Thomas Affleck of Philadelphia, complemented by imposing architectural elements. In addition, the galleries include the grand pre-revolutionary entrance hall of the Van Rensselaer Manor House, Albany, New York.</div>
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The opening of the New American Wing Galleries for Paintings, Sculpture, and Decorative Arts in January 2012 represents the third and final phase of a major, multi-part renovation project. Part 1 opened in January 2007 with galleries dedicated to the classical arts of America, 1810–1845. <a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/new-installations/the-new-american-wing-part-2-the-charles-engelhard-court-and-the-period-rooms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #6c5e3f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">Part 2</a> opened in May 2009 with the renovation of The Charles Engelhard Court and the Period Rooms. Now that Part 3 is completed, nearly all of the American Wing's seventeen thousand works are on view.</div>
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Visit the Metropolitan's website for more pictures and information about this spectacular new exhibit of American Art and US History. <b style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/new-installations/american-wing"> Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></b></div>
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<br /></div>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com377tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-38694127954524822622012-01-23T21:24:00.001-08:002012-01-23T21:24:17.966-08:00Making Each Day Unique<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A US History Guest post</span><br />
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By: Evan Britton<u></u><u></u></div>
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One of the most commonly used expressions is “Time Flies Fast”. And it does, people’s lives pass them by way too fast, and when children come into our lives, they grew up right before our own very eyes. Before we know it – the kids are doing things that we can’t believe. Times really moves.<u></u><u></u></div>
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A major reason why time moves so fast is that we do the same thing each day. When you do the same thing over and over – the days run into each other and the weeks go by. And without different things happening in a given day – memories slip away and before you know it – a year has passed and you can’t remember many unique things that you did in that given year. <u></u><u></u></div>
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This is why birthdays are so important. As it gives everyone a chance to have one day which is special and unique. People look forward to that one day out of 365 in which everything is more important to them. However, part of the reason why birthdays are so great is that they are simply better than just about all of the other 364 more common days throughout the year.<u></u><u></u></div>
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It is important to realize that each day is special and unique. And with that in mind – the Famous Daily (<a href="http://famousdaily.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://famousdaily.com</a>) was launched. The Famous Daily shows us what important events in history happened on this day. This allows us to understand that today’s date isn’t random and that it does have importance. The important historical events are displayed by categories which include general history, entertainment, geography, business, and sports.<u></u><u></u></div>
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In addition to history, the Famous Daily displays today’s Famous Birthdays. It is always fun to see what influential people and celebrities were born today to help give more importance to this day. Furthermore, the Famous Daily highlights a Famous Quote that was said on this date in history. By learning of a quote that has withstood the test of time, which was said today – it is easier for us to appreciate today and be excited about it.<u></u><u></u></div>
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Time flies fast – but the Famous Daily is here to help you stop, smell the roses, see what makes today special, so that you can better enjoy the day. You can sign up to the Famous Daily for free (<a href="http://famousdaily.com/subscribe" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://famousdaily.com/<wbr></wbr>subscribe</a> ) each day via email.<u></u><u></u></div>
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Tomorrow may just be another day. However, important historical events happened tomorrow which helped to shape our world. And important people have a birthday tomorrow. So, tomorrow isn’t that boring afer all – and by realizing it – time will slow down!</div>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com454tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-33367033234736773542011-10-07T23:26:00.000-07:002011-10-07T23:26:27.222-07:00Dead Sea Scrolls online<div>The Dead Sea Scrolls are coming alive online thanks to a joint project with Google and the Israeli Museum that has provided high resolution imagery of the scrolls along with translations:</div><div><br /></div><a href="http://blog.google.org/2011/09/from-desert-to-web-bringing-dead-sea.html">Official google.org Blog: From the desert to the web: bringing the Dead Sea Scrolls online</a>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com3982tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-68503639367566458812011-07-10T16:15:00.000-07:002011-08-28T16:29:32.320-07:00Museums of Richmond Virginia<b><span class="Apple-style-span">Richmond Virginia</span></b> offers visitors one of the most fascinating and significant historical landscapes in the United States. As one of the most important and prominent cities of the Civil War era and the capitol of the Confederacy during the US Civil War, Richmond represents the charm and mystique of the antebellum South, the evils of the US slave trade, and arguably the most important and strategic city in the American Civil War.
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<br />Near Richmond you find the <a href="http://www.nps.gov/rich/index.htm">Richmond National Battlefield Park </a>with extensive information about the two key Union Army campaigns to capture Richmond. Here you'll explore battlefields from the Peninsula Campaign and later actions.
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<br />A driving tour of several civil war sites in the greater Richmond area is maintained by the "Virginia Civil War Trails". The White House of the Confederacy is now part of the Museum of the Confederacy. This building has been fully restored to look as it did in the Civil War era. Daily tours. Next door is the "must see" attraction of this area - the Museum of the Confederacy (see below for description).
<br />
<br />Do not miss the new <a href="http://www.virginia.org/Listings/HistoricSites/RichmondSlaveTrail/">"Richmond Slave Trail"</a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "> and museum, which features exhibits and a walking trail to showcase the inhumanity and hardships of the southern slave economy. </span><div><span class="Apple-style-span">
<br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">Here, from the Richmond Visitors Website, are descriptions of more of the museums in this amazing and historical southern city:
<br /></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.agecrofthall.com/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Agecroft Hall</a></span></h4></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span><span class="address">4305 Sulgrave Road. </span>English manor home originally built in 15th century and then dismantled and transported to Richmond in 1928. Leaded glass windows, Tudor and Stuart artifacts, authentic furnishings and formal gardens.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="bam"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.bethahabah.org/bama/index.htm" class="offsite" target="_blank">Beth Ahabah Museum and Archives</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span><span class="address">1109 W. Franklin St.</span>, the museum features artifacts of international, national and local Jewish life and history. It is open to the public Sunday through Thursday from 10 am to 3 pm. For information on exhibits, guided tours, lectures or volunteer opportunities, please call (804)353-2668.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="ahf"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.museumsusa.org/museums/info/1162238" class="offsite" target="_blank">American Historical Foundation Museum</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">1142 W. Grace St.</span>, this National Historic Landmark was restored to Federal Period grandeur. It houses the Monument Avenue Museum, The US Marine Raider Museum and the Military Knife and Bayonet Museum.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For additional information, call (804) 353-1812.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="bhmcc"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.blackhistorymuseum.org/about.htm" target="_blank">Black History Museum & Cultural Center</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span><span class="address">00 Clay Street. N</span>eoclassical style structure built in 1832 and purchased by Maggie L. Walker in 1922. In 1932, it became the African-American branch of the Richmond Public Library; in 1991 it was converted to a museum and cultural center for visual, oral and written records and artifacts commemorating the lives and accomplishments of Blacks in Virginia from their arrival in 1619 to present. Artifacts, videos, historical documents, and photographs are used to highlight the achievements of African-Americans in Virginia through.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)780-9093.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="cmr"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.c-mor.org/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Children's Museum of Richmond</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>The Children's Museum of Richmond is located at <span class="address">2626 W. Broad St.</span>. Come out and explore over 250 interactive exhibits including the wonders of flight, illusions and astronomy in the 42,000 square-foot museum. An interactive, hands-on museum for children ages 6 months to 12 years. Permanent participatory exhibits include - How it Works, the Feeling Food Neighborhood, the Art Studio and Our Great Outdoors. There is also an OMNIMAX film and multimedia planetarium show.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)474-2667.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="cm"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/rich/ri_hosp.htm" class="offsite" target="_blank">Chimborazo Medical Museum</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">3215 E. Broad St.</span>, the museum stands on the eastern end of downtown Richmond, at the site of the Civil War's famous Chimborazo Hospital. Between 1861 and 1865 more than 75,000 Confederate soldiers received treatment at this sprawling facility. The medical museum tells the story of those patients and the hospital and physicians that cared for them. Using artifacts, uniforms and documents, the exhibits describe the state of medicine in 1860. In highlights the care of wounded and sick soldiers on the battlefields, and in the many large centralized Richmond hospitals like Chimborazo. Chimborazo Medical Museum is open to the public, free of charge from 9 - 5 daily.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)226-1981.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="eapm"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.poemuseum.org/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Edgar Allan Poe Museum</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located between <span class="address">19th & 20th Streets on East Main Street</span>, this museum features exhibits on the life and career of Edgar Allan Poe. By documenting his accomplishments with pictures, relics, and verse, and focusing on his many years in Richmond; visitors get a glimpse of what Edgar Allan Poe was like. Five small buildings and an enclosed garden house the poet's possessions and memorabilia.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, please call (804)648-5523.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="jmh"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.preservationvirginia.org/marshall/index.html?process=0" class="offsite" target="_blank">John Marshall House</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">Ninth and Marshall Streets</span>, this house was the home of John Marshall for 45 years. He was the pioneer chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. The house was built in 1790 and is the oldest brick house surviving the City. Restored as a house museum, it contains artifacts from Marshall's home and professional life.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)648-1889.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="MLW"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.nps.gov/mawa/index.htm" class="offsite" target="_blank">Maggie L. Walker House National Historic Site</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">110-1/2 E. Leigh St.</span>, the Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site commemorates the life of a progressive and talented African American woman. Despite many adversities, she achieved success in the world of business and finance. She was the first woman in the United States to found and serve as president of a bank. The bank she founded, now Consolidated Bank & Trust, is the oldest surviving black-operated bank in the United States. The site includes her residence of thirty years and a visitor center detailing her life and the Jackson Ward community, in which, she lived and worked. The house is restored to its 1930's appearance with original Walker family pieces.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)780-1380.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="maymont"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.maymont.org/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Maymont House and Park</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">1700 Hampton St.</span>, this 100-acre Victorian estate, once home of Major James H. and Sallie May Dooley, was bequeathed to the City of Richmond in 1925. Features include: nature center and gardens, a carriage collection, children's farm and native Virginia wildlife exhibits (with more than 300 animals, almost 60 species), and the restored mansion. Since 1975, Maymont has been maintained and operated by the private nonprofit Maymont Foundation.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)358-7166.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="mfm"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span>Meadow Farm Museum/Crump Park</span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">3400 Mountain</span> in Richmond, this 1860's living historical farm recreates the life of a middle-class rural family. Changing exhibits, gift shop and orientation videos are features in the orientation center.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)501-5520.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="confederacy"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.moc.org/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Museum of the Confederacy</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">1201 E. Clay St.</span>, adjacent to the restored historic White House of the Confederacy, this modern facility holds the world's most comprehensive collection of military, political and domestic artifacts and art associated with the period of the Confederacy, 1861-1865.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)649-1861.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="odr"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.odcnrhs.org/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Old Dominion Railway Museum</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">102 Hull St.</span>, steam, passenger, freight and other artifacts of Virginia's rail heritage are on display near the 1831 birthplace of Virginia railroading. For more information, call (804)233-6237.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="rnbp"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.nps.gov/rich/index.htm" class="offsite" target="_blank">Richmond National Battlefield Parks</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">3215 E. Broad St.</span>, in the Chimborazo Park Visitor's Center Between 1861 and 1865, Union armies repeatedly set out to capture Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy, to end the Civil War. Three of those campaigns came within a few miles of the city. The park commemorates eleven different sites associated with those campaigns, including the battlefields at Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill and Cold Harbor. Established in 1936, the park protects 763 acres of historic ground. Begin with an explanatory film, and then tour the well-preserved sites of the Civil War battle fields. There are history programs and more at the Chimborazo Park Visitors Center.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)226-1981.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="smv"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.smv.org/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Science Museum of Virginia</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">2500 W. Broad St.</span>, this museum offers wonderful hands-on learning and fun. There is also a planetarium and special shows all year.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)864-1400.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="urm"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://museums.richmond.edu/" class="offsite" target="_blank">University of Richmond Museum</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located on the <span class="address">University of Richmond campus</span>, the university has three museums: The Lora Robins Gallery of Design from Nature, The Marsh Art Gallery and The Joel and Lila Harnett Print Study Center.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)287-6424.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="valentine"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.richmondhistorycenter.com/wickham.asp" class="offsite" target="_blank">Valentine Museum</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">1015 E. Clay St.</span>, this museum features the life and history of Richmond. Major changing exhibitions focus on American urban and social history, costumes, decorative arts and architecture. The museum's 1812 Wickham House features rare neoclassical wall paintings.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)649-0711.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="vam"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.vam.smv.org/" class="offstie" target="_blank">Virginia Aviation Museum</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at Richmond International Airport, <span class="address">5701 Huntsman Road</span>, the Virginia Aviation Museum is a division of the<a href="http://www.smv.org/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Science Museum of Virginia</a>. This shrine to the "Golden Age of Aviation" enhances the Science Museum's aerospace exhibits with its extensive collection of vintage flying machines. Learn which planes earned the nicknames: Rolls Royce, Cadillac and Flying Bathtub. Stroll past exhibits on pioneer aviation, World War II and the Virginia Aviation Hall of Fame. Enjoy aviation films and lectures in the Benn Theater. And if that's still not enough, how about getting an up-close view of the incomparable SR-71 Blackbird!</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)236-3622.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="vfpm"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.museumsusa.org/museums/info/1162814" class="offsite" target="_blank">Virginia Fire & Police Museum</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">200 W. Marshall St.</span>, this museum houses antique fire and crime fighting memorabilia and operates as a museum and educational center. The museum is a National Historic Landmark. Richmond has the distinction of having the second oldest <a href="http://www.richmondgov.com/departments/police">police force</a> in the country and one of the oldest <a href="http://www.richmondgov.com/departments/fire">fire departments</a> as well.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="holocaust"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.va-holocaust.com/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Virginia Holocaust Museum</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">2000 E. Cary St.</span> in Shockoe Bottom, this museum is a tribute to Holocaust survivors. It features hands-on children's exhibits and an educational resource center. For more information, call (804)257-5400.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="vhs"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.vahistorical.org/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Virginia Historical Society</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">428 N. Boulevard</span>, this museum offers a comprehensive collection of Virginia History. Nine-museum galleries exhibit rarely seen Virginia treasures. An extensive library for historical and genealogical research is also available. For more information, please call (804)358-4901.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="v_house"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span>Virginia House</span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">4301 Sulgrave Road</span>, this reconstructed English manor was home to Alexander Weddell, former United States Ambassador to Spain, and reflects his fascination with England and its history. The gardens are one of the highlights of the tour.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)353-4251.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="vmfa"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.vmfa.state.va.us/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Virginia Museum of Fine Arts</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>This top ten comprehensive art museum features 5,000 years of artistic achievement from the glories of ancient Greece and India, to contemporary international art. Major special exhibitions at all times. Also a not-to-be-missed museum shop, cafe´ and restaurant. Open 365 days a year and general admission is always free. For more information, call (804) 340-1400. Located at <span class="address">200 N. Boulevard</span>.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="vrm"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.co.henrico.va.us/departments/rec/at-your-leisure-program/historic-preservation/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Virginia Randolph Museum</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">2200 Mountain Road</span>, this National Historic Landmark commemorates the career of a pioneer of vocational education. For more information, call (804)261-5029.</span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><a id="wh"></a></span><h4 style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; color: rgb(137, 45, 43); padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; "><span><a href="http://www.wiltonhousemuseum.org/" class="offsite" target="_blank">Wilton House Museum</a></span></h4><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>Located at <span class="address">215 S. Wilton Rd.</span> off Cary Street, this house is an impressive example of mid-18th century Georgian architecture with fine interior paneling accented by exquisite period furnishings. Wilton house is one of Richmond's architectural treasures.</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: rgb(41, 69, 107); font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 7px; "><span>For more information, call (804)282-5936.</span></p></span></div></div>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com690tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-21958172956487607722011-06-07T11:23:00.001-07:002011-06-07T11:23:26.779-07:00Betsy Ross Home, Philadelphia PA<div style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; padding: 0; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.6em;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joeduck/813078320/" title="Betsy Ross Home, Philadelphia PA"><img src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1250/813078320_35c9ed884f.jpg" alt="Betsy Ross Home, Philadelphia PA by JoeDuck" /></a><br/><span style="margin: 0;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joeduck/813078320/">Betsy Ross Home, Philadelphia PA</a>, a photo by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joeduck/">JoeDuck</a> on Flickr.</span></div><p>Philadelphia Pennsylvania offers the history traveler some of the richest experiences in the USA, from tours of the Betsy Ross home (background here) to Independence Hall and the US Mint. You'll also find extensive colonial architecture as well as the Liberty Bell and much, much more. Here was the home of Betsy Ross, an early American Patriot who created the first US Flag at the behest of George Washington. Players offer free shows here and at other Philadelphia venues that address the historical and cultural themes of early life in the American colonies. <br /><br />Also don't miss "Franklin Court" with the exceptional museum of Benjamin Franklin artifacts and history.</p>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com469tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-5196028493063463562011-05-05T14:12:00.000-07:002011-06-13T14:31:04.581-07:00Two of the Greatest Photographers in US History<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; "><div style="font-size: 13px; "><span>The Two Great Photographers in US History</span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; "><span></span> </div><div><span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">When we think of the two greatest photographers of the US history, we think of Ansel Adams and Edward Weston. Edward Henry Weston (1886 - 1958) was originally from Chicago, then moved to California. He was best known for his sensual nudes and spectacular landscapes. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">In 1937 Weston received a prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship producing numerous award winning images. Some of Weston’s best images were taken around the Carmel California region. Weston’s legacy continued with both of his sons Brett Weston and Cole Weston who have continued in his footsteps.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; "></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Ansel Easton Adams (1902-1984) is known as the grandfather of fine art photography. Originally trained as a pianist Adams transferred his musical artistry into visual form. Adams primarily used a large format camera and is best known for his crisp sharp landscapes. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Adams was well known for the work he did on the preservation and recording of the landscapes of Yosemite National Park. Together with Edward Weston Adams also founded Group f/64 which was the seed for the Museum Of Modern Arts.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; "></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><span>This history article was provided by Vitaly Geyman of Art Prints America. Check out his great selection of <a href="http://www.artprintsamerica.com/">art prints </a>at this website: </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; "><a href="http://www.artprintsamerica.com/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 204); ">www.ArtPrintsAmerica.com</a>.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; "><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; "><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">Check out Vitaly's <a href="http://www.vitalygeyman.com/">Black and White Prints</a> at his personal website <a href="http://www.vitalygeyman.com/">VitalyGeyman.com</a></span></span></p></span></div></span>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com482tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-31391169612692352032011-05-05T12:23:00.001-07:002011-05-05T13:06:46.826-07:00History of Concord, MassachusettsFew towns in the United States can boast incorporation in 1635, the date of the beginning of the colonial history of Concord, Massachusetts.<div><br /></div><div>The annual "independence day" event in Concord, Massachusetts isn't on July 4th as in most parts of the USA, but this hardly represents any lack of patriotism on the part of Concord where the big parade is in April, following the reenactment of the battle for the Concord North Bridge. The North Bridge is now part of the National Park and is often considered the starting point of the Revolutionary War. <div><br /></div><div>It should be noted that Lexingtonians from Lexington, Mass a short few miles away will often insist that it is Lexington Green, where Americans gathered earlier in the day to challenge the British, that is the true starting point of the Revolutionary War and not Concord. Serious historians generally note both events, suggesting that both events have enormous symbolic significance as setting the stage for the war to come and the eventual independence of the American states from England. </div><div><br /></div><div>The North Bridge's fame stems partly from the poem written and read by Ralph Waldo Emerson at a Concord Bridge memorial years later where he called this the site of the "shot heard 'round the world"<br /><br /><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joeduck/134292098/" title="Concord, MA"><img src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/51/134292098_524bfdc58c.jpg" alt="Concord, MA by JoeDuck" /></a><br /><span style="margin: 0;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joeduck/134292098/">Concord, MA</a>, a photo by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joeduck/">JoeDuck</a> on Flickr.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: ariel, helvetica; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: large; "><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="margin: 0;"></span>Here, thanks to a summary from <a href="http://www.concordma.com/">ConcordMa.com</a> is an excellent list of sites important in the History of Concord: </div><div><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">The Bullet Hole House on Monument Street still has the hole from a bullet fired during the battle at the North Bridge. Please respect the folks who live in the houses while viewing all of Concord's historical homes.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">Colonial Inn, earliest part built 1716 (Monument Square)</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">The <a href="http://www.concordmuseum.org/" target="_blank">Concord Museum</a> is home to the Paul Revere lantern of "One if by land, two if by sea" fame, the best Henry David Thoreau collection, Ralph Waldo Emerson's Study. Don't miss the "Exploring Concord" film. Admission fee is low and well worth it - this is an excellent museum of early Americana. Location: </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">Cambridge Turnpike at Lexington Rd, Concord.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">The Ralph Waldo Emerson House was Emerson's home from 1835-1882. There is an excellent tour of the home and the history of this remarkable Massachusetts family. <a href="http://www.concordma.com/arts.html">More about Emerson's writing</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><a href="http://www.concordma.com/arts.html"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><a href="http://www.firstparish.org/" target="_blank">First Parish in Concord</a> was the site of the first and second Provincial Congresses of 1774. (Lexington Rd)</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">Grapevine Cottage, home of developer of the Concord Grape, Ephraim Bull (Lexington Rd)</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">Meriam's Corner saw a skirmish between Minutemen and British troops retreating towards Boston on April 19, 1775. Location: Lexington Rd at Old Bedford Rd.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><a href="http://www.nps.gov/mima/" target="_blank">Minute Man National Historical Park</a>, is an absolute "must see" area for anyone interested in US Colonial History. The Park includes the Old North Bridge and famous "Minuteman" statue. In April of each year hundreds of historical reenactors gather, dressed in British and Colonial garb, and fight the early battles of the American Revolutionary War. In the evening during the annual Concord "Patriot Days" festival candlelight tours of the park showcase some of the characters, homes, and activity during that time. Reservations are required for the candlelight fascinating tours - contact the National Park service for more information.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">Old Hill Burying Ground: Colonial families and Revolutionary soldiers buried here. Location: </span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">Lexington Rd at Monument Square.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><a href="http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/tom.html" target="_blank">The Old Manse</a>, was the home of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Rev. William Emerson, the grandfather of Ralph Waldo Emerson. <a href="http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/tom.html" target="_blank">Hawthorne on the Old Manse</a> . Location: Monument Street next to Minute Man National Historical Park. Wikipedia entry about the Old Manse and it's role in the History of Concord </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Manse">The_Old_Manse</a>.</div><div><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><a href="http://www.louisamayalcott.org/" target="_blank">Orchard House</a> is another superb local tour focused on the colonial history of Concord. Orchard house was the the home of the Bronson Alcott family, including Louisa May Alcott, from 1858-1877. This was the house described in Lousia May's "LITTLE WOMEN". Location: 399 Lexington Rd. </span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">Sleepy Hollow Cemetary, with "Author's Ridge", is the final resting place for many of Concord's finest and most influential early citizens including Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Bronson Alcot. Note the Melvin Memorial by famous sculptor Daniel Chester French. From a page devoted to the famous and their gravesites, several in Sleepy Hollow are <a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cemeteries/168.html" target="_blank">described and pictured here</a>. (Bedford Street/Court Lane near the town center)</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">Along with other "must sees" in the history of Concord, you'll want to visit the famous Walden Pond, now a state park complete with a recreation of the tiny cabin where Thoreau lived and worked during some of his time in this area. Walden Pond is a few miles from downtown Concord, and </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">the site of Henry David Thoreau's cabin and the source of much of his inspiration for the book "Walden." Route 126 near Route 2.</span></div><div><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">The Wayside was home to the Hawthorns, Alcotts, and later author Margaret Sidney who wrote "<italics>The Five Little Peppers and How they Grew"</italics>. Location: 455 Lexington Road.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">Wright's Tavern on Monument Square was built in 1747. The plaque on the front reads <i> "Here met the committees of the PROVINCIAL CONGRESS on the eve of the Revolution while the larger body sat in the MEETING HOUSE close by. Headquarters of the Minutemen in the early morning of April 19, 1775. Later that day Headquarters of the British under command of Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn".</i></span></div><div><div><span style="margin: 0;"><br /></span></div></div></div>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com229tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-21530009462080568812011-04-23T16:35:00.000-07:002011-05-10T12:16:53.415-07:00George Washington<b>George Washington's</b> position in history is very secure as one of the founders of the American experiment and the first US President. As was the early practice Washington was elected by the congress rather than by a popular vote. There was no "White House" in 1789 and Washington was actually inaugurated on Wall Street, New York on the balcony of Federal Hall. He took the first US presidential oath of office on April 30, 1789.<div><br /><div><div>Noting the significance of the first actions of the first US President, Washington wrote to James Madison, his friend and the man who would become the fourth US president, "it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles."</div></div><div><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHTgDv9auc9tqTsdrcRNdp7zf1jVNgqXcCToX9fQyFxgfq6-ryuEu5oQ1Hy6vP9qq_-kPWW4Cpf9lsnDFbLeyGuporyVRXbnFVaPH7ooM0JvBgBvxrsr6bQq2P6akw1ZrovjDbfXRjGso/s1600/GeorgeWashington.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 271px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHTgDv9auc9tqTsdrcRNdp7zf1jVNgqXcCToX9fQyFxgfq6-ryuEu5oQ1Hy6vP9qq_-kPWW4Cpf9lsnDFbLeyGuporyVRXbnFVaPH7ooM0JvBgBvxrsr6bQq2P6akw1ZrovjDbfXRjGso/s320/GeorgeWashington.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5598976752882638914" /></a><br /><div><br /></div><p></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; ">George Washington was born in 1732. His was a family of Virginia planters and young George was raised as an 18th century Virginia gentleman. His two passionate interests were the military arts and western expansion. At age sixteen Washington helped survey the lands of the Shenandoah area in Virginia working for Lord Fairfax. A a lieutenant colonel in 1754, Washington fought in the first small battles of what would soon become the French and Indian War. A notable narrow escape to the young soldier as an aide to General Braddock when Washington had two horses shot out from under him as he rode. </p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; ">For some 16 years before the beginning of the American Revolution, Washington managed the lands of his large estate at Mount Vernon and served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. </p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; ">Like some of the other landed elite of the time, Washington felt exploited by the British both in terms of relations to merchants and commercial regulations. These conflicts would lead to war. In 1775, when the Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia, Washington would be elected Commander in Chief of the fledgling "Continental Army". He would hold that title for the next six years. </p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; ">The general superiority in number and training of the British forces led Washington to conclude that that small skirmishes and guerilla style actions would be more effective than large battles. He reported to Congress, "we should on all Occasions avoid a general Action, or put anything to the Risque, unless compelled by a necessity, into which we ought never to be drawn." </p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; ">Some historians believe that without the participation of the French, who entered the war partly after the urging of Benjamin Franklin, the British would have quelled the US rebellion. But the French came to the aid of the US and in 1781 Washington forced the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, effectively ending the Revolutionary War. The American experiment would soon blossom.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; ">Washington expressed great interest in retiring to his Mount Vernon estate after the war. However his concerns about the early challenges of the United States and a strong lobby to draft him to become the first president motivated Washington as a participant in the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, 1787. After the new Constitution was ratified the Electoral College unanimously elected Washington as the first President of the United States.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; ">A key early foreign policy decision by Washington was that of neutrality during the war between France and England near the time of the French Revolution. This decision frustrated Thomas Jefferson, the first Secretary of State, who was very much in favor of helping the French. Some believe Washington's motivation was to let the new country grow stronger before committing to such a major international enterprise.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; ">Washington retired at the end of his second term, unhappy to see how the emerging "two party" system might polarize debate unnecessarily. In his Farewell Address Washington warned against the perils of excessive party spirit and geographical distinctions while his parting advice for foreign affairs was to warn against long-term alliances.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; ">On December 14th, 1799, after less than three final years at Mount Vernon, George Washington died. The cause was a throat infection. The life and career of one of the most remarkable historical figures of all time had come to an end, but the country Washington helped found - and arguably would not exist without his efforts - would grow and prosper for centuries to come.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; ">George Washington's wife Martha biography is at the official White House website: <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/liveproduction/martha-dandridge-custis-washington" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: underline; ">click here for the article</a></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; ">Credit to the <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/">US White House Website</a> for biographical information.</p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; "><br /></p><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; "><br /></p><div class="spouse-information" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; "><br /></p></div></div></div>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com494tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-4956005065912242232011-04-23T13:42:00.001-07:002011-04-23T13:57:29.739-07:00History of the US Democratic PartyOver at the Travel and History blog is an article about the <a href="http://travelandhistory.com/2011/04/history-of-the-democratic-party/">history of the democratic party</a> of the USA, noting among other things how party power tends to swing back and forth over fairly long eras. <div><br /></div><div>Over the next few months we'll profile several US presidents - both Democrat and Republican, and pull in some historical context as well. </div><div><br /></div><div>The US President has been among the most important people in the world, especially since the 1940's when America rapidly assumed the role of global superpower and economic powerhouse. </div><div><br /></div><div>The ravages of <a href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1661.html">World War II</a> left much of the world in a shambles, most notably five former powerhouses of Europe: Germany, Italy, England, France, and Russia. England's colonial empire was crumbling as pressures from inside the countries and internationally forced England's hand. Churchill was not happy with this development, but even his great WWII ally US President Franklin Roosevelt was a sharp critic of England's colonialism, and Roosevelt enouraged Churchill to grant English territories greater autonomy and/or independence. </div>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com214tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-78520349619735805312011-04-11T18:09:00.001-07:002011-04-11T18:09:43.350-07:00[Berlin (now Brunswick), Md. Pontoon bridge and ruins of the stone
bridge across the Potomac (destroyed in 1861)] (LOC)<div style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; padding: 0; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.6em;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/5597849001/" title="[Berlin (now Brunswick), Md. Pontoon bridge and ruins of the stone bridge across the Potomac (destroyed in 1861)] (LOC)"><img src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5264/5597849001_6259cd98f3.jpg" alt="[Berlin (now Brunswick), Md. Pontoon bridge and ruins of the stone bridge across the Potomac (destroyed in 1861)] (LOC) by The Library of Congress" /></a><br/><span style="margin: 0;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/5597849001/">[Berlin (now Brunswick), Md. Pontoon bridge and ruins of the stone bridge across the Potomac (destroyed in 1861)] (LOC)</a>, a photo by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/">The Library of Congress</a> on Flickr.</span></div><p>This October 1862 photo of the Potomack River at what is now called Brunswick, MD is from the amazing Civil War collection at the library of congress. <br /><br />Here, at the city now known as Brunswick, MD but then called "Barry" and later "Berlin", are a pontoon bridge along with the ruins of a stone bridge across the Potomac. The stone structure was destroyed in 1861.<br /><br />A. Gardner was the photographer.<br /><br />Note the telegraph pole to left. The pontoon bridge was built by Union troops across the Potomac River as part of their military operations. This view was taken looking from Virginia towards the town. <br /><br />The town is about 30 miles south of Antietam, and the photographer was in the area to document the main eastern theater of the war, Battle of Antietam, September-October 1862.</p>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com219tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5885694889378361361.post-16519753926304231972011-03-26T15:09:00.001-07:002011-03-26T15:39:57.887-07:00Franklin Court Print exhibit.<div style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; padding: 0; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.6em;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joeduck/813081566/" title="Franklin Court Print exhibit."><img src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1008/813081566_c12775e7ee.jpg" alt="Franklin Court Print exhibit. by JoeDuck" /></a><br /><span style="margin: 0;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joeduck/813081566/">Franklin Court Print exhibit.</a>, a photo by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joeduck/">JoeDuck</a> on Flickr.</span></div><p>Here at the Franklin Court, Philadelphia, not much remains of <a href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h663.html">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s home but for the back wall which was part of his original family complex at this location in dowtown Philly. The print shop behind this brick wall was built for Grandson <a href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h459.html">Benjamin Bache</a>, also a printer. Bache's full name was "Benjamin Franklin Bache". Bache expressed a lot of criticism of George Washington and he was arrested under the sedition act (later released) after expressing his strong views. </p><p>The <a href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h663.html">Benjamin Franklin</a> print shop was located at 2nd and Market, the historical center of commerce in colonial Philadelphia.</p>Joseph Hunkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12901043695395702119noreply@blogger.com321